Procedures
Step-by-step operative references. Filter by category or surgical approach, or search by title.
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Radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is the standard surgical treatment for muscle-invasive and BCG-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It removes the bladder together with t…
Inguinal lymphadenectomy is the therapeutic nodal operation for penile squamous cell carcinoma — it can be curative when disease is limited to the inguinal nodes. Indications and nodal staging logic (DSNB, when to ope…
Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with complete bladder cuff excision is the standard of care for high-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Its oncologic principles are complete en-bloc removal of the ipsilateral upp…
Penile fracture — disruption of the tunica albuginea with rupture of the corpus cavernosum — is a urologic emergency best managed by prompt surgical exploration and repair, which lowers the rates of erectile dysfuncti…
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the standard of care for large and complex renal stones. A tract is dilated into the collecting system, and stones are fragmented and extracted under direct nephroscopic vision. It offe…
Radical nephrectomy is the standard operation for renal masses that are not amenable to nephron-sparing surgery. The principle is en bloc removal of the kidney with its surrounding perinephric fat inside Gerota's fasc…
Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the diagnostic and primary therapeutic procedure for a testicular mass suspicious for malignancy — it removes the testicle and spermatic cord to the level of the internal inguinal ring.…
Radical prostatectomy removes the entire prostate and seminal vesicles with a vesicourethral anastomosis, and is a curative option for localized prostate cancer. It can be performed open (retropubic or perineal), lapa…
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is a cornerstone of NSGCT management — for primary staging/treatment of clinical stage I or low-volume stage II disease, and for resection of residual masses after chemoth…
Robotic partial nephrectomy is the standard nephron-sparing operation for cT1 renal masses when technically feasible. Equivalent oncologic outcomes to radical nephrectomy, with preserved renal function and lower long-…
Segmental ureterectomy is a kidney-sparing extirpative option for selected upper tract urothelial carcinoma, removing the diseased ureteral segment with reconstruction of urinary continuity. It is a reasonable alterna…
Shock wave lithotripsy is the only non-invasive stone treatment: focused shock waves fragment the stone, and the fragments pass spontaneously. It is best for smaller, lower-density stones in favourable anatomy, and it…
ReadAdrenalectomy — open, laparoscopic, or robotic — is the surgical treatment for functioning and malignant adrenal tumours. This page covers preoperative preparation, surgical anatomy, operative approaches, tumour-speci…
TURBT is both the diagnostic and the first-line therapeutic procedure for bladder cancer. The technical quality of TURBT is the single most important determinant of accurate staging and of recurrence risk in non-muscl…
These are the operative techniques for repairing a ureteral defect or stricture, chosen by the length and location of the defect. The clinical indications, defect-length comparison, and contraindications are covered i…
Ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy is the workhorse of modern stone surgery. Modern flexible ureteroscopes and high-power lasers give access to the entire upper urinary tract and can reliably fragment any stone compo…
Urinary diversion re-routes the upper urinary tract after cystectomy (or for a diseased/dysfunctional bladder) using a reconfigured segment of bowel. Options fall into three families: conduit (incontinent cutaneous),…